Showing posts with label Behind. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Behind. Show all posts

Wednesday, March 5, 2014

LIFE Behind the Picture: ‘Skull on a Tank,’ Guadalcanal, 1942

AppId is over the quota

En febrero de 1943, la revista LIFE publicó una serie de fotografías de Guadalcanal — el más grande de las Islas Salomón y el sitio de la ofensiva primero, fundamental de los aliados en el Pacífico durante la II guerra mundial.

Una de esas fotos, hechas por un fotógrafo de la vida de 25 años de edad llamado a Ralph Morse, instantáneamente tocado una fibra sensible con millones de la revista de los lectores. Siete décadas después, sigue siendo una de las imágenes más inquietantes a surgir de cualquier guerra. Foto de Morse (el primero en esta galería) de la cabeza de un soldado japonés cortada empalada en un tanque de captura más gráficamente e inmediatamente que los volúmenes de palabras podrían la barbarie de la guerra implacable y a menudo casual.

Aquí, siete décadas después del final de esa campaña crítica, LIFE.com presenta no sólo recuerdos de Morse hizo esa fotografía sino también otros cuadros de Guadalcanal, fotos que encontré en la vida y muchos más (por Morse y otros dos empleados, los hermanos Joe y Frank Scherschel) que nunca fueron publicados en la revista.

Leer la leyenda que acompaña la foto inquietante de Morse en el número 01 de febrero de 1943, de la vida, "cráneo de un soldado japonés está sostenido por un tanque Jap [sic] quemado por las tropas estadounidenses. Incendio destruyó el resto del cadáver".

Morse, sin embargo, todavía muy ágil en 96 — recuerda un poco diferente. Como sabe todo aquel con incluso un conocimiento del fallecimiento de la II guerra mundial, las tropas de Estados Unidos (y tropas de todos los demás países que lucharon en el conflicto largo y brutal) a veces participan en la clase de horrible comportamiento mostrado en fotografía de Morse. Pero en recuerdos del fotógrafo de ese día, parecía más probable que los japoneses fueron los que colocaron el cráneo quemado ese tanque ruinas como una trampa atroz para los estadounidenses curiosos.

[Más: ver todas las características relacionadas con WWII de TIME.com.]

"El ejército había asumido el control de los Marines," dice Morse LIFE.com, configuración de la escena en Guadalcanal a finales de 1942, "y estaba viajando con un grupo de soldados patrullando. En los bosques de las islas, tenías que caminar en una sola línea. El pincel era tan muy espeso que si no cumpliste tu ojo en los zapatos del hombre delante de ti, que estabas perdido. Creo que fue tres o cuatro días de caminata sólido, pero estábamos bien." Una pausa. Luego, "Éramos muy jóvenes", dice, casi maravilladas.

Por su parte, la vida describe terreno de Guadalcanal de esta manera: "la selva es una pared sólida de crecimiento vegetal, a cien metros de altura. Hay hojas de oreja de elefante del taro, helechos y dentadas hojas de los árboles de plátano, hojas de palma grandes todo enredado en una web fantástica. Cerca de la tierra hay miles de tipos de insectos, Mantis, hormigas y arañas... En un clima caliente y húmedo mosquitos viven lujuriante. A veces ellos se colocar tan profundamente en la carne de los soldados, tienen que ser cortado.

"Hemos venido a una abertura grande en la playa", dijo Morse, y había un tanque con una calavera, cerca de la torreta. El sargento llevando la patrulla lo mira y dice: 'Muchachos, ese cráneo ha sido puesto ahí por una razón, y los japoneses probablemente tienen granadas de mortero dirigidos en este lugar'. Una escena repugnante como siempre que dibujará personas, y la idea, por supuesto, era que cualquier tropas americanas que vino obviamente quisiera parar y echar un vistazo.

' "Permanezcan lejos de allí", dice el Sargento, luego se volvió hacia mí. '' Dice: 'toma tu foto si a, entonces salir rápido.' Así que me acerqué, tengo mis fotos y corriendo hacia donde había dejado la patrulla.

Preguntó cuando era capaz de ver las fotos que hizo en Guadalcanal, o en cualquiera de los otros lugares le disparó durante la guerra, en el Pacífico y en toda Europa, Morse se ríe y dice: "no hasta que llegó un ejemplar de la revista, meses más tarde, a veces — o hasta que después volvimos a los Estados."

Espontáneamente, ofrece una visión reveladora en la logística de fotografiar en una zona de guerra en los años 40 tempranos, y el creativo medidas fotógrafos inventados para hacer el trabajo.

"Antes de volar a las Islas Salomón, donde los combates era, fuiste al PX en Honolulu," explica Morse — la tienda PX (o intercambio de correos), siendo el minorista que opera en bases militares en todo el mundo — y compró una caja de condones. Cuando estabas en la selva o en las playas, escribió sus leyendas y cayeron en un condón con tu película sin revelar, atado en un nudo y disecado en un envolvente y esperaba que todo quedaría seco.

"Luego, cuando llegó a un lugar donde había un barco o un avión saliendo, enviarías la película a los Estados Unidos. Siempre iría directamente a los censores en Washington, y luego lo que estaba bien sería enviado la revista o periódico o donde sea. Pero porque no vimos la película desarrollada por semanas o meses, a veces no sabíamos si estaban trabajando nuestras cámaras! Podrían estar rotos y no sabríamos. Nosotros seguimos disparando. Creo que primero vi la foto del cráneo después tengo la malaria y el ejército me envió de vuelta a casa. Finalmente vi la foto en las oficinas de la vida en Nueva York".

Un último punto vale la pena subrayar: Ralph Morse fue suerte incluso de estar vivo a finales de 1942, cuando hizo esa foto del cráneo. Unos meses antes, había estado a bordo del crucero USS Vincennes cuando fue hundido por torpedos japoneses durante la batalla de la isla de Savo, no lejos de Guadalcanal. En libro de 1998 de John Loengard, fotógrafos de vida: lo que vieron, Morse describe la acción sobre el Vincennes:

De Guadalcanal en 1942, a la 1 de la mañana... suenan cuartel general. Salir de la cama y ponerme mi ropa, salir corriendo y subir a cubierta porque nosotros estamos siendo golpeados.

Es el azabache, pero estamos lanzando bengalas para arriba, y barcos están volando. Era como un set de película.... Pedazos del barco seguía recibiendo pasmado y usted no obtener rayado, pero eres con las personas ya no existen. Comenzamos en la lista, la cubierta estaba tan resbaladiza con sangre que era como una pista de patinaje sobre hielo. El capitán ordenó a recoger a los heridos en el agua. Bueno, en ese momento no están tomando fotografías. Estás tirando heridos. Estás cubierto de sangre. Chicos gritando.... Pero termina, y la batalla, la luz se hundió.

Las órdenes vinieron a abandonar la nave. Me fui por la borda con uno de los fotógrafos de la nave, y estábamos corto un salvavidas. Teníamos cinco personas y cuatro chalecos salvavidas. Así que nosotros seguimos pasando uno alrededor. Podría flotar sobre la espalda durante un tiempo, y luego, mientras flotábamos, nos conocimos a más y más grupos. Solíamos jugar al bridge, y dos de mis compañeros de puente flotaban, así que pasamos el resto de la noche flotando por la gente preguntando si jugaron puente — para impedir que preocuparse acerca de los tiburones. Tuvimos mucha suerte esa noche porque había tanta sangre en el agua, pero con todas las cargas de profundidad siendo lanzadas creo que cada tiburón en su sano juicio hubiera salido de allí. Nos recogimos unas seis horas más tarde por destructores.

Morse se mantuvo con vida, cubriendo todo tipo imaginable de historia — de la carrera espacial a los deportes (hizo la foto más famosa de Jackie Robinson) a Broadway — para los próximos 30 años, hasta que la revista finalmente doblado como un semanario en 1972.

— Ben Cosgrove es el Editor de LIFE.com
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Monday, February 3, 2014

Gandhi and his spinning wheel: the story behind an iconic photograph

Some personalities of the 20th century were - and remain - so recognizable that literally billions of people around the world such as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948). Albert Einstein, JFK, Martin Luther King, Jr. - There is a sort of evocative power of the most famous paintings of these men who immediately calls to mind not only the time in which they live, but the words and deeds that made them so memorable. Gandhi is perfectly suited to this group of iconic figures, and no individual image has become more closely linked with their life and their way of life, than the portrait 1946 from Margaret Bourke-White of the pioneers of civil disobedience next to his prized Distaff.

Bourke-White was, of course, one of the most intrepid chroniclers of the century of wars and conflicts: your photos from Buchenwald in 1945, for example, and of the terrible violence that attended the India 1947 partition and the creation of Pakistan are among the most powerful of his extraordinary career. But was also capable of sensitive to documenting the silent - and, in many cases, the representative - moments of the life of the great and the powerless, alike. Incredibly, however, his now-famous image of Gandhi does not appear in the article in life magazine for which it was originally shot.

In 1946, during the period prior to the partition of 1947 historical - and the independence from Great Britain to the India and Pakistan - Bourke-White spent time in India working on a feature, in the final analysis, titled "Leaders of la India", which would operate in the edition of May 27, 1946, of life. (See at the end of this gallery to see article, page margins, as it appeared in the magazine). He made hundreds of photographs, including many of the same Gandhi: his family; at her spinning-wheel; in the sentence. More than one dozen of pictures running in the "Leaders" article in the may issue of 46. Only two were of Gandhi, and none of them was the well-known picture of the spinning wheel.

In fact, this photo does not appear in life until months later - and still, functioned as a small image at the top of an article published in June 1946 (left) which focused on the fascination of Gandhi what he calls the magazine "nature cures" of patients.

"At the age of 76," life wrote, "Mohandas Gandhi has embarked on a new career as a doctor. It is characteristic of the Mahatma who, at this time when their permanent quest for a free India seems to have reached its final crisis, takes time out of a busy political life to preach a nature cure. Gandhi has license to practice, of course, but to ask the Mahatma would be such a document as requiring President Truman to produce your ticket when it goes up to [the first presidential airplane, nicknamed] Holy cow. "

It should be noted, however, that life does not entirely forgot about Bourke-White photo once it was published for the first time. From the beginning of February 1948, photography was given pride of place in a multiple page tribute to Gandhi published immediately after his assassination. Fill half a page in the article, 'India loses its 'great soul',' the image serves as a eulogy visual agitation for man and his ideals.

In typed notes that accompanied the Bourke-White film when he was sent from the India offices of New York life in the spring of 1946, the importance of the simple spinning wheel in the picture is very clear:

[Gandhi] rotates each day during 1 hr usually starts at 4. All the members of his ashram should turn. He and his followers encouraged everyone to turn. Even M. B-W dared to lay down [] to rotate the camera... When I photograph and spinning were crafts, I said seriously, "the largest of the 2 spins." Spinning is elevated to heights almost a religion with Gandhi and his followers. The spinning wheel is a kind of an Ikon with them. Spinning is one cure all and spoken of in terms of high poetry.

The most famous Bourke-White portrait made of Gandhi, meanwhile, note the editors of life simply says: "reading clippings Gh. [a common abbreviation for Gandhi in the notes] - spinning wheel in the foreground, which just finished using." It would be impossible to exaggerate the reverence in which Gh 'personal own spinning wheel' is carried out at the ashram. "

Here, on the anniversary of the assassination of Gandhi - they shot him dead (January 30, 1948) by a hindu nationalist Nathuram Godse who felt that he was the Apostle of non-violence, in some way, catering to Muslims in India - life returns to publish great portrait of Bourke-White, as well as other images of the same allocation Gandhi called. We have also included the lists of pages of the article "The Indian leaders" that ran in May 1946.

A final note: as many photographers, Bourke-White was not above time when itself allowing the freedom of a playful self-portrait. Here it is, then - legendary photojournalist in India, posing with a loom of his own.

Margaret Bourke-White—Time & Life Pictures/Getty ImagesMargaret Bourke-White - time & life Pictures/Getty Images

-Ben Cosgrove is the Editor of LIFE.com
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Saturday, January 25, 2014

Behind the image: Albert Schweitzer in Africa

Albert Schweitzer - the Nobel Prize Peace Laureate, theologian, musician and "medical missionary" who spent decades in West Africa, was one of the best-known figures of the 20th century. For some, it was a European well intentioned but ultimately patronizing engaged in illuminating the "black continent" of Africa; for others he was a man whose tireless work with men, women and children suffering from leprosy, malaria, elephantiasis, whooping cough, sexually transmitted diseases and other countless vile diseases elevated him to something close to holiness.

The reality of life and work, meanwhile Schweitzer - as it almost always is in such cases - was more complicated and more deeply fascinating than any of those quite simplistic estimates in man.

In November 1954, LIFE magazine published an article about Schweitzer, "A man of mercy", with photographs made by the great W. Eugene Smith. Here, LIFE.com returns to publish photos of Schweitzer Smith, as a reminder of the stature of the man - and a celebration of singular vision of a photographer.

In this issue, life wrote:

"Nobody knows me", Albert Schweitzer has sad, "who does not know me in Africa." In Norway last week, where he had come to recognize a Nobel Peace Prize, the crowds jammed the streets to encourage a great figure of our time. As they encouraged were convinced that they knew the good: is the humanitarian, warm and blessed. He had become a man of brilliant success as a preacher, writer, and musician to bury himself as a medical missionary in Africa.

All this was true - but fans that have followed Dr. Schweizter French Equatorial Africa [specifically, Gabon - Ed.] meets a different man. There, in the midst of primitive conditions, Saint of Europe is forced to become a remote distance, leading man who governs his hospital with patriarchal authority. For those seeking the gentle philosopher of the legend, has a short answer: "We are too busy fighting pain". Then it turns back to work that make up the African world of Albert Schweitzer and suffering."

The story behind the most enduring image of the whole photo essay in life, while both, illustrates something quite elementary is not Schweitzer, but (characteristic) and the prickly, occasionally bombastic main photographer who made the picture, W. Eugene Smith. Photography - the first in this gallery - is beautiful and says: here is the Dr. Schweitzer, deep in Africa, overseeing the construction of a hospital. It is a portrait that captures so many aspects of the man in one frame: dedication, power of his personality, his generosity, his "otherness" and at the same time the righteousness of his presence in a land thousands of miles since its birth.

There really is a problem with this portrait: not true. Or rather, what truth contains only survives to the present day because Smith dramatically manipulated photo, combining elements of two separate negatives to impart the story that was dead-set on transport in a single image. The silhouette saw handle and the human hand on the bottom right of the frame were not part of the larger image when Smith did; on the other hand, combines elements of two different images to create a third, classic photo of a man literally on a mission. (A story says the sierra and the hand is added to cover a blurred spot in the broader picture; other familiar with the work of Smith argue that simply want to add a new chart element — and another layer of quiet drama - all.)

That this kind of manipulation contravened guidelines photo-report of life little mattered then - Smith, after all, developed and printed his own work, refusing to allow others to handle your film, your negative, nothing at all - and, in all honesty, is important even less now. The fact of the matter is that when that life sent him to Africa to work of Schweitzer and his world, Smith was already a legend. He had made some of the most memorable photographs that emerge from World War II (and wounded while in the Pacific). It had promoted the form of photo-essay for life with historical work as a "country doctor" (1948) and "nurse midwife" (1951). It was thorny, hard, tireless and routinely produced work that many photographers would give her right eye that made.

Smith type occupies vainly committed with that one, iconic Schweitzer photography can be frowned upon today. Any contemporary photojournalist who admitted to such behavior would probably be criticise their peers, as well as the public in general.

W the. Eugene Smith, on the other hand, has largely escaped such censorship for one reason and one reason: was W. Eugene Smith, and for better or worse, when it comes to beauty - and even, to some extent, when it comes to ethics - genius always has played for and judged by a different set of rules that govern the rest of us.

-Ben Cosgrove is the Editor of LIFE.com
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